第四节 研究内容与新意

本书试图回答下面几个问题。第一,麦考莱辉格史观的内容、特征及其评价。第二,麦考莱史学思想的浪漫主义、理性主义内涵及其表现形式。第三,麦考莱自由的帝国主义思想的内容,他在印度的立法改革以及对印度社会的影响,该如何评价他的改革措施和种族主义观念。第四,麦考莱的学术影响,他留下了哪些辉格史学遗产,他的文风的特征和形成过程,以及他对英国史学通俗化的贡献。

如果说这本书有什么新意的话,主要是它站在中国研究者的立场上,充分运用原始文献和各种研究资料,努力回应西方学术界关于麦考莱的争论,又结合当下国内的学术研究热点阐明麦考莱著作的学术价值。

第一,运用多种史料对麦考莱进行横向和纵向的立体研究。本书从麦考莱的文本出发,运用麦考莱的《英国史》、史论、书信、日记、议会演讲,还有英国议会议事录等多种史料来阐释麦考莱的史学思想,重视对当时的社会和思想背景的研究,分析这些背景因素对麦考莱的影响。既把麦考莱放在英国整个辉格史学的发展脉络中进行考察,也注意把他与其他历史学家进行横向比较研究。

第二,深入阐释麦考莱进步观的复杂内涵。本书对麦考莱的进步观进行了更为全面的考查,进一步阐述了麦考莱思想中一个容易被人忽视的地方,即他认为人们的想象、诗歌等精神领域的发展不是一种累积和连续的进步,麦考莱的进步观是线性进步观和非线性发展观的结合。

第三,从新的研究视角发掘麦考莱史学的社会价值。本书尝试从国家认同的角度分析麦考莱的民族和国家历史叙事,阐释麦考莱对英国性的认识和他建构英国国家认同的方式。此外,还从通俗史学的层面上研究麦考莱史学的影响。通过对英国通俗史学的个案研究,以期对当下国内的史学讨论有所助益。


[1] [美]J.W.汤普森:《历史著作史》,下卷第三分册,孙秉莹、谢德风译,商务印书馆1996年版,第478—479页。

[2] [英]乔治·古奇:《十九世纪历史学与历史学家》,耿淡如译,商务印书馆1997年版,第494页。引文对原译文有所改动。英文原版出版于1913年,1952年再版。

[3] [美]格特鲁德·希梅尔法布:《新旧历史学》,余伟译,新星出版社2007年版,第183页。

[4] 本书对麦考莱生平的介绍主要参考了下列文献:G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,2 vols,London:Longman,Green and Co.,1876;J. C. Morrison,Macaulay,London:Macmillan and co.,1882;William Thomas,“Macaulay,Thomas Babington,Baron Macaulay(1800-1859),”Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,Oxford University Press,2004,online edn,January 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17349]。

[5] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,vol.1,London:Longman,Green,and Co.,1876,pp.31,45.

[6] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,vol.1,London:Longman,Green,and Co.,1876,p.76.

[7] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,vol.1,London:Longman,Green,and Co.,1876,p.172.

[8] J. C. Morrison,Macaulay,London:Macmillan and co.,1882,p.21.

[9] T. B. Macaulay,“The Letter to Thomas Flower Ellis,”Sept.30,1835,in The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay,vol.3,Thomas Pinney ed.,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1976,p.158.

[10] Catherine Hall,“Macaulay's Nation,”Victorian Studies,Vol.51,No.3(Spr.,2009),p.516.

[11] T. B. Macaulay,“The Letter to Macvery Napier,”July 20,1838,in Thomas Pinney ed.,The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay,vol.3,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1976,p.252.

[12] T. B. Macaulay,“The Letter to Macvery Napier,”Nov.5,1841,in Thomas Pinney ed.,The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay,vol.4,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1977,p.15.

[13] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,vol.2,London:Longman,Green,and Co.,1876,pp.218-219.

[14] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,vol.2,London:Longman,Green,and Co.,1876,p.260.

[15] T. B. Macaulay,The History of England from the Accession of James the Second,Vols. I and II.,1849;Vols. Ⅲ and Ⅳ,1855;Vol.Ⅴ,1861,London:Longman,Brown,Green,and Longmans(下文引用此书时简称为The History of England)。麦考莱的《英国史》版本众多,有单行本,也有作为个人作品全集的一部分;有各式的节选本,也有全本;有英国伦敦的版本,也有美国纽约、费城等版本。虽然一些学者认为由历史学家弗斯(C. H. Firth)编辑的六卷本《英国史》(London:Macmillan & Company,Limited,1913-1915)在众多版本中比较权威,但从学者们实际使用的版本来看,则十分多样化,有英国人人图书馆出版的四卷本、有伦敦朗曼的五卷本,也有前述弗斯的版本,还有一些学者参考的是麦考莱全集的《英国史》。本书选择的版本是伦敦朗曼出版的五卷本。麦考莱《英国史》已有两个版本的中译本问世,一个译本由北京时代华文出版集团出版,另一版本由吉林出版集团有限责任公司出版,由刘仲敬独译。本书在引用麦考莱《英国史》时从英文原著译出,并参考了中译本。

[16] T. B. Macaulay,Critical and Historical Essays,London:Brown,Green and Longmans,1843.其中收录的文章后来全部被收入《麦考莱杂集》(Lady Trevelyan ed.,The Miscellaneous Works of Lord Macaulay,10 vols,New York and London:G.P. Putnam's Sons,1898.)的第一卷到第六卷。杂集除了收录麦考莱的评论和史论(第一卷到第六卷),还收录了他的人物传记,印度刑法草案(第七卷),诗歌集(第八卷),演讲集(第九卷到第十卷)。

[17] 麦考莱的史论大部分发表在《爱丁堡评论》上,有“Machiavelli,”March 1827;“History,”May 1828;“Hallam's Constitutional History,”September 1828;Hampden,December 1831;“War of Succession in Spain,”January 1833;“Horace Walpole,”October 1833;“Lord Chatham,”January 1834;“Mackintosh's history of Revolution,”July 1835;“Sir William Temple,”October 1838;“Gladstoneon Church and State,”April 1839;“Clive,”January 1840;“Ranke's history of the Popes,”October 1840;“Lord Holland,”July 1841;“Warren Hastings,”October 1841;“Frederick the Great,”April 1842;“Lord Chatham,”(2nd Art.)October 1844。参见Lady Trevelyan ed.,The Miscellaneous Works of Lord Macaulay,10 vols,New York and London:G.P. Putnam's Sons,1898。

[18] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,2 vols,London:Longman,Green and Co.,1876.

[19] Thomas Pinney,ed.,The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay,6 vols,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1974-1981.

[20] William Thomas,ed.,The Journals of Thomas Babington Macaulay,5 vols .London:Pickering and Chatto,2008.

[21] William Thomas,ed.,The Journals of Thomas Babington Macaulay,vol.1,London:Pickering and Chatto,2008,preface,p.22.

[22] [英]乔治·古奇:《十九世纪历史学与历史学家》,耿淡如译,商务印书馆1997年版,第483—499页。

[23] [美]J. W. 汤普森:《历史著作史》下卷第三分册,孙秉莹、谢德风译,商务印书馆1996年版,第401—411页。

[24] [苏]维诺格拉多夫:《近代现代英国史学概论》,何清新译,商务印书馆1961年版,第33—37页。

[25] Michael Bentley,Modernizing England's Past:English Historiography in the Age of Modernism,1870-1970,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005.

[26] [英]约翰·布罗:《历史的历史:从远古到20世纪的历史书写》,黄煜文译,广西师范大学出版社2012年版,第351—360页。

[27] [英]弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》,邓正来译,生活·读书·新知三联书店1997年版,第219、396页。

[28] [美]波考克:《德行、商业和历史:18世纪政治思想与历史论辑》,冯克利译,生活·读书·新知三联书店2012年版,第446—463页。

[29] 持赞赏态度的有Anonymous,“Macaulay's History of England,”Edinburgh Review,vol. 90,(July1849),pp.249-292;James Moncreiff,“Macaulay's History of England,”Edinburgh Review,vol.105,(January 1857),pp.142-180.James Moncreiff,“Macaulay's History of England-Fifth Volume,”Edinburgh Review,vol.114(October1861),pp.279-317;Henry Reeve,“Lord Macaulay,”Edinburgh Review 111(January 1860),pp.273-276;Smith,C. C.,“Lord Macaulay as an historian,”North American Review,vol. 93(October 1861),pp.418-456。持否定态度的有John Paget,“Macaulay and Marlborough,”Blackwood's Magazine 85(June 1859)and his“Lord Macaulay and the massacre of glencoe,”Blackwood's Magazine 85(July 1859),“Macaulay and the Highlands of Scotland,”Blackwood's Magazine 86(August 1859),“Lord Macaulay and Dundee,”Blackwood's Magazine 88(August 1860)。John Paget的上述四篇论文,加上另一篇关于“Willam Penn”的文章结集为The New Examen;or an Enquiry into tlte Evidence relating to certain Passages in Lord Macaulay's History,Edinburgh nnd London:William Blackwood and Sons,1861。褒贬参半的有Archibald Alison,“Macaulay's History of England,”Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine,vol.65(April 1849),pp.383-405;Margaret Oliphant,“Macaulay,”Blackwood's Magazine,vol.80(August 1856),pp.127-141,and his“Macaulay,”Blackwood's Magazine,vol.80(September 1856),pp.365-378;“Macaulay's History of England,”Bentley's Miscellany,vol.39(January 1856),pp.206-220。

[30] Anonymous,“Macaulay's History of England,”Edinburgh Review,vol.90,July1849,p.291.

[31] Walter Bagehot,Literary Studies,3 vols,NewYork:Longman's Green and co.,1898.

[32] John Paget,The New Examen;or an Enquiry into tlte Evidence relating to certain Passages in Lord Macaulay's History,Edinburgh and London:William Blackwood and Sons,1861.

[33] James Moncreiff,“Macaulay's History of England-Fifth Volume,”Edinburgh Review,vol.114(October1861),p.286.

[34] C. C. Smith,“Lord Macaulay as an Historian,”North American Review,vol. 93(October 1861),p.453.

[35] W. E. Gladstone,“Macaulay,”Gleanings of Past Years,1844-1878,vol.2,London:John Murray,1879,pp.265-341,reprinted from Quarterly Review(July 1876).

[36] Leslie Stephen,“Macaulay,”Hours in a Library,third series,London:Smith,Elder,and co.,1879,pp. 279-324.

[37] John Morley,“Macaulay”,Critical Miscellanies,vol.1,London:Macmillan and co.,1886,pp.253-291.

[38] D. A. Hughes,Thomas Babington Macaulay:the Rhetorician,an Examination of his structural Devices in the History of England,the Dissertation of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,Cornell University,1898.

[39] Herbert Paul,“Macaulay and his Critics,”Men and Letters,London:John Lane,1901,pp.284-313.

[40] A. S. G. Canning,Lord Macaulay:Essayist and Historians,London:Smith Elder,and co.,1882.

[41] J. C. Morrison,Macaulay,London:Macmillan and co.,1882.

[42] P. H. Ditchfield,“The Errors of Lord Macaulay in His Estimation of the Squires and Parsons of the Seventeenth Century,”Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Third Series,Vol. 9(1915),pp. 77-93.

[43] C. H. Firth,A Commentary on Macaulay's History of England,London:Macmillan and Co.,1938.

[44] Godfrey Daves,“The Treatment of Constitutional History of Macaulay's History of England,”Huntingdon Library Quarterly,Vol.2,No.2(1939),pp.179-204.

[45] W. R.Thayer,“Macaulay Fifty Years After,”North American Review,Vol.190(July/Dec 1909),pp.735-752.

[46] A. R. Hassard,L. A New light on Lord Macaulay,Toronto:Rockingham Press,1918.

[47] Herbert Butterfield,The Whig Interpretation of History,New York:The Norton library,1965,初版出版于1931年。中译本[英]巴特菲尔德:《历史的辉格解释》,张岳明、刘北成译,商务印书馆2012年版。

[48] R. L. Schuyler,“Macaulay and his History-A Hundred Years,”Political Science Quarterly,Vol. 63,No. 2(Jun.,1948),pp. 161-193.

[49] J. H. Plumb,“Thomas Babington Macaulay,”University of Toronto Quarterly,Vol.26(1956).

[50] Andrew Browning,“Lord Macaulay,1800-59,”The Historical Journal,Vol. 2,No. 2(1959),pp. 149-160.

[51] John Clive,“Macaulay,History and the Historians,”History Today,Vol.9,No.12(1959),pp.830-836.

[52] J. R. Griffin,“The Intellectual Milieu of Lord Macaulay,”D.P. Dissertation,University of Ottawa,1963.

[53] John Clive,Macaulay:The Shaping of the Historian . New York:Knopf,1973.

[54] William Madden,“Macaulay's Styles,”in George Levine and William Madden eds.,The Art of Victorian Prose,London:Oxford University Press,1968,pp.127-151.

[55] George Levine,The Boundaries of Fiction:Carlyle,Macaulay,Newma n,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1968,pp.79-163.

[56] Jane Millgate,Macaulay,London and Boston:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1973.

[57] Peter Gay,Style in History,New York:Basic Books,INC,1974.

[58] Rosemary Jann,The Art and Science of Victorian History,Columbus:Ohio State University Press,1985.

[59] W. A. Davis,“This Is My Theory:Macaulay on Periodical Style,”Victorian Periodicals Review,Vol. 20,No. 1(Spring,1987),pp.12-22.

[60] Mark Phillips,“Macaulay,Scott,and the Literary Challenge to Historiography,”Journal of the History of Ideas,Vol. 50,No. 1(Jan/Mar.,1989),pp. 117-133.

[61] Joseph Hamburger,Macaulay and the Whig Tradition,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1976.

[62] P. B.M. Blass,Continuity and Anachronism:Parliamentary and Constitutional Development in Whig Historiography and in the anti-Whig Reaction between 1890 and 1930,The Hague:Boston M. Nijhoff,1978,pp.111-139.

[63] W.A.Speck,“Thomas Babington Macaulay,”in John Cannon ed.,The Historian at Work,London:George Allen & Unwin,1980.

[64] J.W. Burrow,A Liberal Descent:Victorian Historians and the Past,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981.

[65] John Clive,“Amusement and Instruction:Gibbon and Macaulay,”Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society,Third Series,Vol. 87(1975),pp.45-56.

[66] Catherine Hall,“Home with History:Macaulay and the History of England,”in Catherine Hall and S. O. Rose,eds.,At Home with the Empire:Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006,pp.32-52.

[67] Catherine Hall,“Macaulay's Nation,”Victorian Studies,Vol.51,No.3(spring,2009),pp.505-523.

[68] Theodore Koditschek,Liberalism,Imperialism,and the Historical Imagination:Nineteenth-Century Visions of a Greater Britain,New York:Cambridge University Press,2011,pp.99-149.

[69] R. E. Sullivan,Macaulay:The Tragedy of Power,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2009.

[70] Edward Adams,“Macaulay's History of England and the Dilemmas of liberal Epic,”Nineteenth-Century Prose,Vol. 33,No.2(2006),pp.149-174.

[71] Edward Adams,Liberal Epic:The Victorian Practice of History from Gibbon to Churchill,Charlottesville,VA:University of Virginia Press,2011.

[72] O. D. Edwards,“The ranks of Tuscany:Macaulay on Ranke's Die romischen Papste,”Nineteenth-Century Prose,Vol.33.No.2(2006),pp.49-81;D. C. Hanson,“Precocity and sibling relations:Goethe and Macaulay family life writing,”Nineteenth-Century Prose,Vol.33. No.2(2006),pp. 18-48;Jack.Harrington,“Macaulay,Lord Clive and the imperial tradition,”Nineteenth-Century Prose,Vol.33.No.2(2006),pp.124-148;G.J.V.Prasad,“A minute stretching into centuries:Macaulay,English,and India,”Nineteenth-Century Prose,Vol.33.No.2(2006),pp.175-198;

[73] Ian Hesketh,“Writing History in Macaulay's Shadow:J.R. Seeley,E.A. Freeman,and the Audience for Scientific History in Late Victorian Britain,”Journal of the Canadian Historical Association,Vol. 22,No.2,2011,pp.30-56.

[74] D. S. Brigman,English History through the Historians’ eyes:Revisiting David Hume and Thomas Babington Macaulay,An Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History and Anthropology University of Central Missouri,2012.(http://centralspace.ucmo.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10768/151/DBrigman_HISTORY.pdf?sequence=1)

[75] 陈明鉴:《马考莱的史学观点》,《世界历史》1981年第4期;谭英华:《试论马考莱的史学》,《世界历史》1983年第l期。

[76] 阎照祥:《英国辉格史学派先驱者论略》,《河南大学学报》(社会科学版)2007年第6期。

[77] 肖英芳:《论19世纪英国辉格派史学》,硕士学位论文,山东大学,2008年。

[78] 张娜:《论马考莱的史学思想》,硕士论文,山东大学,2011年。

[79] 张广智:《西方史学史》,复旦大学出版社2000年1版,此后2版、3版对于麦考莱的论述都没有变化。

[80] 何平:《西方历史编撰学史》,商务印书馆2010年版,第161—163页。

[81] 易兰:《西方史学通史》第5卷近代时期下,复旦大学出版社2011年版,第173—187页。